#1- Introduction
1. SAE International's autonomous vehicles classification:
- Level 0: Automated system issues warnings but has no vehicle control.
- Level 1 (”hands on”): Driver and automated system shares control over the vehicle. An example would be Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) where the driver controls steering and the automated system controls speed. Using Parking Assistance, steering is automated while speed is manual. The driver must be ready to retake full control at any time. Lane Keeping Assistance (LKA) Type II is a further example of level 1 self driving.
- Level 2 (”hands off”): The automated system takes full control of the vehicle (accelerating, braking, and steering). The driver must monitor the driving and be prepared to immediately intervene at any time if the automated system fails to respond properly. The shorthand ”hands off” is not meant to be taken literally. In fact, contact between hand and wheel is often mandatory during SAE 2 driving, to confirm that the driver is ready to intervene.
- Level 3 (”eyes off”): The driver can safely turn their attention away from the driving tasks, e.g. the driver can text or watch a movie. The vehicle will handle situations that call for an immediate response, like emergency braking. The driver must still be prepared to intervene within some limited time, specified by the manufacturer, when called upon by the vehicle to do so.
- Level 4 (”mind off”): As level 3, but no driver attention is ever required for safety, i.e. the driver may safely go to sleep or leave the driver's seat. Self driving is supported only in limited areas (geofenced) or under special circumstances, like traffic jams. Outside of these areas or circumstances, the vehicle must be able to safely abort the trip, i.e. park the car, if the driver does not retake control.
- Level 5 (”wheel optional”): No human intervention is required. An example would be a robot taxi.
2. Examples of autonomous vehicles:
Tesla Model S: (Tesla)
✅ Outstanding autonomous functions:
- Match speed to traffic conditions.
- Keep within a lane, automatically change lanes without requiring driver input, transition from one freeway to another.
- Exit the freeway when your destination is near.
- Self-park when near a parking spot and be summoned to and from your garage.
✅ How the functions have been tested:
- Independent testing by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has awarded the Tesla Model S a 5-star safety rating, not just overall, but in every sub-category without exception.
- Of all vehicles tested, including every major make and model approved for sale in the United States, the Model S set a new record for the lowest likelihood of injury to occupants.
- While the Model S is a sedan, it also exceeded the safety score of all SUVs and minivans.
✅Tesla Model S and SAE classification:
- Tesla Model S can be considered to be at level 4 (mind off) because:
+ The active cameras are doubled from four to eight, enabling full self-driving in almost all circumstances.
+ All you will need to do is get in and tell your car where to go. If you don’t say anything, the car will look at your calendar and take you there as the assumed destination or just home if nothing is on the calendar.
+ Your Tesla will figure out the optimal route, navigate urban streets (even without lane markings), manage complex intersections with traffic lights, stop signs and roundabouts, and handle densely packed freeways with cars moving at high speed.
+ When you arrive at your destination, simply step out at the entrance and your car will enter park seek mode, automatically search for a spot and park itself. A tap on your phone summons it back to you.
+ However, this can not be classified at the highest level because of local regulatory approval and extensive software validation. In addition, users' various purposes are also taken into account (not for ordinary trips bur for revenue purposes or racing)
REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car
https://www.tesla.com/autopilot
- Independent testing by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has awarded the Tesla Model S a 5-star safety rating, not just overall, but in every sub-category without exception.
- Of all vehicles tested, including every major make and model approved for sale in the United States, the Model S set a new record for the lowest likelihood of injury to occupants.
- While the Model S is a sedan, it also exceeded the safety score of all SUVs and minivans.
✅Tesla Model S and SAE classification:
- Tesla Model S can be considered to be at level 4 (mind off) because:
+ The active cameras are doubled from four to eight, enabling full self-driving in almost all circumstances.
+ All you will need to do is get in and tell your car where to go. If you don’t say anything, the car will look at your calendar and take you there as the assumed destination or just home if nothing is on the calendar.
+ Your Tesla will figure out the optimal route, navigate urban streets (even without lane markings), manage complex intersections with traffic lights, stop signs and roundabouts, and handle densely packed freeways with cars moving at high speed.
+ When you arrive at your destination, simply step out at the entrance and your car will enter park seek mode, automatically search for a spot and park itself. A tap on your phone summons it back to you.
+ However, this can not be classified at the highest level because of local regulatory approval and extensive software validation. In addition, users' various purposes are also taken into account (not for ordinary trips bur for revenue purposes or racing)
REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car
https://www.tesla.com/autopilot
Thank you for your work on this assignment. Please remember to include links to where you got your information. - The CDIO Academy Team
Trả lờiXóa